分詞構文上においても、主文との時制が異なったり、受動態や否定形にすることができます。
完了形の分詞構文の時制は、主文の時制よりも前の時を表します。
Having spent all my money, I came home on foot.
「お金を全部使い果たしていたので、私は歩いて帰ってきました。」
この文を時制の分かるように書き直すと、分詞構文のほうは過去完了になります。
= As I had spent all my money, I came home on foot.
Having changed her costumes, she appeared on stage again.
「衣装を着替えると、彼女は再び舞台に立った。」
= She changed her cosutumes and appeared on stage again.
この場合は前後の文の時があきらかなので、次のように完了形にしなくても同じ表現ができます。
= Changing her costumes, she appered on stage again.
受動態では being がよく省略されることがあります。
(Being) asked the way by a tourist, Junko showed it to him as clearly as possible.
「旅行者に道を尋ねられたので、純子はできるだけ分かりやすく教えてあげました。」
= As she was asked the way by a tourist, Junko showed it to him as clearly as possible.
分詞構文を否定形にする場合は分詞の前に not や never を付けます。
Not being settled in 90 minutes, the game went into a penalty shootout.
「90分で決着がつかなかったので、その試合はPK戦になった。」
= As the game wasn't settled in 90 minutes, it went into penalty shootout
as
penalty shootout PK戦
Never having seen a volacno erupt before, we were very impressed
「前に火山が爆発するのを見たことがなかったので、私たちはとても感動しました。
= As we had never seen a volacno erupt before, we were very impressed.